Toxin
Methylxanthines

Source
Chocolate, coffee, tea, theobromine, caffeine, and theophylline.

General Information
Theobromine is found in chocolate, cocoa beans, cocoa bean hulls (landscape bedding), cola, and tea. Milk chocolate contains 44 mg/oz. and unsweetened baking chocolate contains 390 mg/oz.

Caffeine is found in coffee, tea, chocolate, colas, and human stimulants.

Theophylline is found in tea and human and veterinary preparations.

Caffeine and theobromine have an effect on animals similar to that on people. They increase the breathing and heart rate, sometimes causing irregular beating of the heart. They cause restlessness because of the changes at the cellular level with calcium and energy sources. Caffeine also directly stimulates the myocardium and central nervous system.

Note: Some methylxanthines may be reabsorbed from the urinary bladder.

Toxic Dose
Symptoms occur with the ingestion of 45 mg per pound of body weight. Theobromine deaths have been reported after ingestion of 52 mg per pound of body weight.

Caffeine is toxic at about 63 mg per pound of body weight.

Signs
Common signs include vomiting, diarrhea, panting, hyperactivity, restlessness, ataxia, muscle tremors, increased or decreased heart rate, irregular heart rhythm, increased body temperature. Seizures, coma, or death may occur. Less frequent symptoms include abdominal pain and blood in the urine.

Immediate Action
Induce vomiting and seek veterinary attention.

Veterinary Care
General treatment: The induction of vomiting may be continued, gastric lavage is performed, and activated charcoal is administered.

Supportive treatment: IV fluids are given to prevent dehydration and to induce urine production. The heart rate and rhythm are monitored, and medications are given if necessary. The animal is monitored and treated for hyperthermia. Seizures are treated. The urinary bladder may need to be catheterized to prevent reabsorption of the toxin.

Specific treatment: Unavailable.

Prognosis
Usually recover with hospitalization and aggressive therapy. May be fatal, if enough of the toxin is absorbed.

If you think your pet has been poisoned...

Contact your veterinarian or one of the Animal Poison Hotlines (listed below) if you think your pet may have accidentally received or been given an overdose of the medication.

**ASPCA National Animal Poison Control Center

1-900-443-0000 ($50.00 per case. The charge is billed directly to caller's phone.)

1-888-4ANI-HELP (1-888-426-4435. $50.00 per case, billed to caller's credit card only.)

Follow-up calls can be made for no additional charge by dialing

888-299-2973.

There is no charge when the call involves a product covered by the Animal Product Safety Service.

**Animal Poison Hotline – a joint service provided by North Shore Animal League America (NSAL) and PROSAR International Animal Poison Center (IAPC).

1-888-232-8870 ($35.00 per incident. The charge is billed to caller's credit card only.) Staffed 24-hours a day, 7 days a week.

Items to avoid

Reasons to avoid

Can cause intoxication, coma, and death.

Baby food

Can contain onion powder, which can be toxic to dogs. (Please see onion below.) Can also result in nutritional deficiencies, if fed in large amounts.

Bones from fish, poultry, or other meat sources

Can cause obstruction or laceration of the digestive system.

Cat food

Generally too high in protein and fats.

Chocolate, coffee, tea, and other caffeine

Contain caffeine, theobromine, or theophylline, which can be toxic and affect the heart and nervous systems.

Citrus oil extracts

Can cause vomiting.

Fat trimmings

Can cause pancreatitis.

Grapes and raisins

Contain an unknown toxin, which can damage the kidneys.

Hops

Unknown compound causes panting, increased heart rate, elevated temperature, seizures, and death.

Human vitamin supplements containing iron

Can damage the lining of the digestive system and be toxic to the other organs including the liver and kidneys.

Large amounts of liver

Can cause Vitamin A toxicity, which affects muscles and bones.

Macadamia nuts

Contain an unknown toxin, which can affect the digestive and nervous systems and muscle.

Marijuana

Can depress the nervous system, cause vomiting, and changes in the heart rate.

Milk and other dairy products

Some adult dogs and cats do not have sufficient amounts of the enzyme lactase, which breaks down the lactose in milk. This can result in diarrhea. Lactose-free milk products are available for pets.

Moldy or spoiled food, garbage

Can contain multiple toxins causing vomiting and diarrhea and can also affect other organs.

Mushrooms

Can contain toxins, which may affect multiple systems in the body, cause shock, and result in death.

Onions and garlic (raw, cooked, or powder)

Contain sulfoxides and disulfides, which can damage red blood cells and cause anemia. Cats are more susceptible than dogs. Garlic is less toxic than onions.

Persimmons

Seeds can cause intestinal obstruction and enteritis.

Pits from peaches and plums

Can cause obstruction of the digestive tract.

Potato, rhubarb, and tomato leaves; potato and tomato stems

Contain oxalates, which can affect the digestive, nervous, and urinary systems. This is more of a problem in livestock.

Raw eggs

Contain an enzyme called avidin, which decreases the absorption of biotin (a B vitamin). This can lead to skin and hair coat problems. Raw eggs may also contain Salmonella.

Raw fish

Can result in a thiamine (a B vitamin) deficiency leading to loss of appetite, seizures, and in severe cases, death. More common if raw fish is fed regularly.

Salt

If eaten in large quantities it may lead to electrolyte imbalances.

String

Can become trapped in the digestive system; called a "string foreign body."

Sugary foods

Can lead to obesity, dental problems, and possibly diabetes mellitus.

Table scraps (in large amounts)

Table scraps are not nutritionally balanced. They should never be more than 10% of the diet. Fat should be trimmed from meat; bones should not be fed.

Tobacco

Contains nicotine, which affects the digestive and nervous systems. Can result in rapid heart beat, collapse, coma, and death.

Yeast dough

Can expand and produce gas in the digestive system, causing pain and possible rupture of the stomach or intestines.

Toxin
Food poisoning caused by bacteria including Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus, Streptococcus, Salmonella spp., Bacillus spp., Clostridium perfringens, and Clostridium botulinum, or Penitrem-A (a neurotoxin).

Source
Ingestion of decomposing carrion, garbage, spoiled food, and compost. Ingestion of moldy nuts, food, or grains can cause exposure to Penitrem-A.

General Information
Ingestion of these types of substances by dogs is not uncommon. Cats tend to be more selective about what they eat. Once ingested, these substances alter the GI motility and permeability as well as produce CNS signs due to the endotoxin release from the dead bacteria. Each bacteria affects the body in a different way, but all can produce potentially life-threatening diseases affecting multiple body organs.

Penitrem-A is a neurotoxin which affects nerves by causing uncontrolled firing of the nerves that cause muscle movement. This causes muscle injury, muscle cell breakdown, and hyperthermia. This action is very similar to that of strychnine.

Toxic Dose
Undetermined

Signs
Signs of garbage intoxication from bacteria typically begin within 3 hours of ingestion. They include vomiting, diarrhea which may become bloody, dehydration, fever, and signs of endotoxic shock which include depression, hypotension, collapse, either rapid or slow capillary refill time, hypothermia or hyperthermia, and decrease in urine production.

Signs of botulism include vomiting, drooling, abdominal pain, dry eyes, and rear limb weakness. Certain reflexes of the tendons, eyes, and throat are depressed.

Signs of Penitrem-A toxicity include panting, restlessness, drooling, incoordination, fine muscle tremors of the head and neck which progress to the entire body, tonic spasms, hyperthermia, ataxia, seizures, and death. The muscle spasms may be worsened by external stimuli similar to, but not as consistent as with, strychnine intoxication.

Immediate Action
Seek veterinary attention. The pet has probably already emptied the stomach by vomiting. Inducing vomiting is generally contraindicated since excessive vomiting is a symptom of this disorder that typically requires treatment.

Veterinary Care
General treatment: Gastric lavage is performed, and activated charcoal is administered.

Supportive treatment: IV fluids are administered to maintain hydration, oxygen, and antiemetics. Seizures and tremors are treated with medication. The patient may be treated with other types of fluids also especially if showing signs of shock. Antibiotics are administered.

Specific treatment: Administering botulism antitoxin to patients with suspected botulism.

Prognosis
Guarded, depending on the severity of signs at time treatment begins and the exact toxin.

Toxin
Unknown if it is a mycotoxin (produced by a fungus), pesticide, heavy metal, or a yet-unidentified toxin.

Source
Grapes and raisins.

General Information
Many dogs like raisins and grapes. They should only be given in a very limited amount on an infrequent basis, and should not be left where a dog or cat can have access to them. The unknown toxin damages the kidneys.

Toxic Dose
One known amount is 1 ounce of fruit per 2.2 pounds of body weight.

Signs
Vomiting, diarrhea, lack of appetite, lethargy, or abdominal pain.

Immediate Action
Induce vomiting and seek veterinary attention.

Veterinary Care
General treatment: The induction of vomiting may be continued, gastric lavage is performed, and activated charcoal administered, if needed.

Supportive treatment: The animal will be monitored and treated for kidney disease/failure with fluids, diet change, and medications.

Specific treatment: Unavailable.

Prognosis
Variable

Toxin
Unknown

Source
Macadamia Nuts

General Information
Macadamia nuts are the fruit of the trees of Macadamia integrifolia and Macadamia tetraphylla. These trees are indigenous to Madagascar and Australia. They were introduced into Hawaii and California about 100 years ago. Symptoms usually start within 3-12 hours of ingesting the nuts, and tend to resolve over 24 hours.

Toxic Dose
0.9 grams per pound of body weight.

Signs
Lethargy, vomiting, and hyperthermia are initial symptoms with progression to ataxia or hind-limb paresis. Also seen are tremors, abdominal pain, lameness, joint stiffness, and pale mucous membranes.

Immediate Action
Induce vomiting if ingestion was within the past hour. Seek veterinary attention.

Veterinary Care
General treatment: The induction of vomiting may be continued, gastric lavage is performed, and activated charcoal administered, especially if the macadamia nuts were covered with chocolate.

Supportive treatment: IV fluids are administered to prevent dehydration. The animal will be monitored and treated for hyperthermia, and the pet will be protected from injury during the ataxia/paresis.

Specific treatment: Unavailable.

Prognosis
Good.

Toxin
Ibotenic acid, indoles, muscimol, gyromitrin, amanitin, phalloidin, psilocybin, or psilocyn.

Source
Mushrooms including Amantia phalloides (death angel), A. virosa (destroying angel), A. muscaria (fly agaric), some Boletus spp., Chlorophyllum molybdites (backyard mushrooms), some Clitocybe spp., Cortinarius spp., Galerina spp., Gyromita spp. (false morels), Inocybe spp., and some Psilocybe spp. ('magic mushroom').

General Information
The kind of toxin in mushrooms vary with species. Some cause CNS effects including hallucinations, hyperactivity, and coma. Others damage the liver, heart, or kidneys causing death. Clinical signs usually occur within 6-8 hours following ingestion. Mushrooms grow in the wild in most areas, and pets need to be closely supervised to prevent ingestion, if access to the mushrooms cannot be prevented.

Toxic Dose
Varies with the species of the mushroom.

Signs
Abdominal pain, ataxia, coma, depression, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, hallucinations, hyperthermia, tearing, urination, drooling, defecation, seizures, liver failure, kidney failure, and death.

Immediate Action
Induce vomiting if the patient is alert. Seek veterinary attention.

Veterinary Care
General treatment: The induction of vomiting may be continued, gastric lavage performed, and activated charcoal administered.

Supportive treatment: The animal will be monitored and treated for seizures and hyperthermia. The liver and kidney function will also be monitored and treated as needed.

Specific treatment: Unavailable.

Prognosis
Varies with the species ingested, the toxic effects, and the amount ingested.

Toxin
S-methylcysteine sulfoxide, n-propyl disulfide, methyl disulfide, allyl disulfide

Source
Onion or garlic (Allium spp.) including those that are fresh as well as those dried for use as spices.

General Information
Garlic and onion are used as flavor enhancers in food. Since the toxic amount is unknown, it is recommended not to add it to your pet's food. Many human baby foods have onion in them, and it is not recommended to feed them to pets. In dogs and cats, these ingredients can cause Heinz body anemia, resulting in a breakdown of the red blood cells and anemia.

The bulbs, bulbets, flowers, and stems of the garlic and onion are all poisonous.

Toxic Dose
Unknown. Cats appear to be more sensitive than dogs.

Signs
Vomiting, diarrhea, anemia, discolored urine, weakness, liver damage, allergic reactions, asthmatic attacks, and in case of skin exposure, contact dermatitis.

Immediate Action
Induce vomiting and seek veterinary attention. If dermal (skin) exposure, bathe thoroughly and contact a veterinarian.

Veterinary Care
General treatment: The induction of vomiting may be continued, gastric lavage is performed, and activated charcoal administered, if ingested. If dermal exposure has occurred, the animal will be bathed and dried thoroughly.

Supportive treatment: IV fluids are administered to maintain hydration. The animal will be monitored and treated for liver damage. Repeated blood tests will be performed to monitor for anemia; blood transfusions will be administered if necessary.

Specific treatment: Unavailable.

Prognosis
Variable.

Toxin
Acids such as hydrochloric (Muriatic) acid, sulfuric acid, nitric acid, and phosphoric acid.

Source
Products such as pool chemicals, cleansers, toilet bowl cleaners, anti-rust compounds, gun barrel cleaning fluids, and automobile batteries.

General Information
Acids produce corrosive burns. Acid burns do not tend to penetrate as deeply as alkali burns.

Toxic Dose
Dependent upon the type and concentration of the acid

Signs
If ingested, ulcers in the mouth, larynx, and esophagus, drooling, lack of appetite, vomiting, laryngeal edema with difficulty breathing, pain, panting, and shock may be seen. If contact was with the eyes, the pet will be in intense pain and hold the eyes closed.

Immediate Action
For oral exposures, DO NOT induce vomiting. Give water or milk. Seek veterinary attention immediately. If ocular exposure has occurred, flush eyes with water or sterile saline for 30 minutes. If the toxicity is due to dermal (skin) exposure, the area should be flushed with running water for 30 minutes. Rubber gloves should be worn to prevent human exposure. Seek veterinary attention while decontaminating the pet.

Veterinary Care
General treatment: For oral exposure, water or milk may continue to be given. Activated charcoal is ineffective. If dermal or ocular exposure occurred, the affected areas will continue to be flushed with sterile saline.

Supportive treatment: Pain medication, IV fluids, and oxygen are given. Corticosteroids are used to help reduce stricture of ulcers especially in the esophagus. Antibiotics are started to reduce the risk of secondary infections. Placement of a feeding tube may be necessary in severe cases. Food is withheld until the extent of injury is known. Endoscopy is recommended to determine the extent of the injuries.

Specific treatment: Unavailable.

Prognosis
Guarded

Toxin
Alkalis such as lye, potassium permanganate, and ammonium hydroxide.

Source
Products such as drain cleaners, toilet bowl cleaners, ammonia, dishwater detergents, and "button-cell" alkali batteries.

General Information
Alkalis cause severe damage to tissues. An alkali continues to destroy the tissue until it is neutralized. Alkali burns tend to be deeper and more severe than those caused by acids. Stomach secretions are usually sufficient to neutralize the alkali if ingested.

Toxic Dose
Varies depending upon the type and concentration of alkali.

Signs
If ingested, drooling, irritated oral mucous membranes, ulcers in the mouth, esophagus, and stomach, pain, seizures, and rapid death may occur. In case of ocular exposure, the pet will be in intense pain and hold the eyes closed.

Immediate Action
For oral exposures, DO NOT induce vomiting. Give water or milk. Seek veterinary attention immediately. For ocular exposures, flush eyes with water or sterile saline for 30 minutes. For dermal (skin) exposure, the area should be flushed with running water for 30 minutes. Rubber gloves and goggles should be used to prevent human exposure. Seek veterinary attention while decontaminating the pet.

Veterinary Care
General treatment: In cases of oral exposure, milk or water may continue to be given. Activated charcoal is ineffective. If dermal or ocular exposure occurred, the affected areas will continue to be flushed with sterile saline.

Supportive treatment: Pain medication, antibiotics, IV fluids, and oxygen are given. Endoscopy is recommended before feeding resumes to allow for visualization of any damage to the esophagus and stomach. Ingested alkaline batteries should be removed from the esophagus with an endoscope as soon as possible to prevent perforation of the esophagus. If the battery has passed into the stomach, it can still be removed with an endoscope. Multiple radiographs taken over a time period will monitor the position of the battery if it has passed into the intestines.

Specific treatment: Unavailable.

Prognosis
Guarded

Antifreeze ingredients

Antifreeze products usually contain one of three active ingredients:

• Ethylene glycol
• Propylene glycol
• Methanol

Toxicity: Ethylene glycol is the ingredient found in most antifreeze products, most commonly at a concentration of 95-97%. It is an extremely dangerous toxin, being approximately 3 times as toxic as propylene glycol. The lethal dose for dogs is 2-3 ml/lb, and for cats it is 0.64 ml/lb. There are 15 ml in a tablespoon, so 2 tablespoons (30 ml) could be lethal for a 15-pound dog, and less than one-half of a tablespoon is lethal to a 10-pound cat. Smaller quantities can still make an animal critically ill. Antifreeze containing ethylene glycol has a sweet taste that animals and children like.

Ethylene glycol is metabolized by the liver. The metabolites that are produced cause damage to organs and subsequent symptoms. The metabolites (in the form of oxalates) are most toxic to the kidneys. Ethylene glycol causes severe damage to the kidney, termed "acute renal tubular necrosis." Ethylene glycol also changes the pH of the blood to be more acidic (metabolic acidosis). Many brands of antifreeze also contain phosphorus rust inhibitors, which may increase the phosphorus levels in the bloodstream.

Signs of poisoning: There are three stages of ethylene glycol poisoning:

• Stage 1: 0-12 hours after ingestion, nervous system signs develop including mild depression, ataxia, knuckling, seizures, hyperexcitability, stupor, rarely coma, and death. These signs are similar to acute alcohol intoxication and resemble drunkenness. Other symptoms may include lack of appetite, vomiting, drop in body temperature, and an increase in drinking and urination.
• Stage 2: 12-24 hours after ingestion, cardiovascular system signs including increased heart rate and an increased respiratory rate can be seen.
• Stage 3: 12-72 hours after ingestion, kidneys are affected. Symptoms include severe depression, vomiting, diarrhea, dehydration, kidney failure, and death.

Diagnosis: A test kit for dogs is available which detects ethylene glycol, but not its metabolites, in dogs. It is useful within 30 minutes to 12 hours after ingestion. Before or after that time period, a false negative test result may occur because either the ethylene glycol has not yet entered the bloodstream, or it has already been broken down into its metabolites. Peak levels of ethylene glycol in the blood generally occur 1-4 hours after ingestion. To perform the test, various chemicals are added to a blood sample, and if ethylene glycol is present, a color change occurs. This test is not sensitive enough for use in cats. Some human hospitals, or large veterinary hospitals or emergency clinics have more sensitive tests that can be used for cats. Treatment should be started for any dog with an ethylene glycol level higher than 22.7 mg/lb or any cat that has a detectable level.

A veterinarian may conduct other laboratory tests to assess kidney function (BUN, creatinine), pH of the blood (blood gases), and look for the presence of oxalate crystals in the urine (urinalysis).

Treatment: If ingestion of ethylene glycol is suspected in a pet, induce vomiting and seek veterinary attention immediately. The veterinarian may continue the induction of vomiting, perform gastric lavage, and administer activated charcoal.

Supportive treatment will be given and may include correcting hydration and the acid-base balance by administering IV fluids and sodium bicarbonate. Oxygen is given as needed. Peritoneal dialysis helps remove the ethylene glycol from the body, if used early.

Fomepizole (Antizol-Vet^®, 4-methylpyrazole) is the treatment of choice for ethylene glycol poisoning in dogs. It is given intravenously for 36 hours, and stops the metabolism of ethylene glycol into its damaging metabolites. Ethanol is the treatment of choice for cats and is administered for up to 64 hours. With Fomepizole or Ethanol treatment, starting treatment early before permanent kidney damage occurs, usually within 8 hours of ingestion, is essential. Supportive care may need to be given for weeks. Some veterinarians may refer the pet to a specialized veterinary center for treatment.

Propylene glycol can be toxic to dogs and cats, but less so than ethylene glycol. Antifreeze products containing propylene glycol, usually at a concentration of 50% or less, such as Sierra^TM and Prestone LowTox^® are safer and are unpleasantly flavored to prevent ingestion. These safer products will not metabolize into oxalate, but could cause other problems including nervous system injury resulting in incoordination and possibly seizures, and Heinz body anemia.

For cats and dogs, methanol is the least toxic of the ingredients, however, it is very toxic to humans. Methanol can also be found in some windshield washer fluid. The toxic dose in dogs is 3.6 gm/lb; the toxic dose in cats has not been determined. If only a small amount is ingested, only mild gastric upset is seen. In any case of suspected ingestion, contact your veterinarian immediately. Larger amounts may cause metabolic acidosis, retinal damage, and seizures, requiring immediate veterinary attention.

Prevention of antifreeze poisoning:

• Clean up any antifreeze spills immediately and dispose of any antifreeze-contaminated rags or paper towels in a sealed container.
• Regularly check your vehicle(s) for antifreeze leaks.
• Store antifreeze in sealed, clearly marked containers, out of the reach of children and pets.
• Never allow pets access to the area when draining radiator fluid from a vehicle.
• Use products that do not contain ethylene glycol.
• Do not allow pets to drink out of or walk through puddles as water runoff may contain antifreeze from other vehicles. Wash the pet's paws when finished with the walk.
• Do not let your pet roam.
• If ingestion of antifreeze or engine coolant by a pet is suspected, seek veterinary attention immediately.

Toxin
Arsenic

Source
Inorganic arsenic: Insecticides such as ant/roach poisons, herbicides, wood preservatives, and some insulation.

Organic arsenic: Sodium caparsolate and Filaricide (Two heartworm treatments and preventives).

General Information
Arsenic compounds cause reactions in the body that disrupt enzymes that are involved in cellular respiration, fat metabolism, and carbohydrate metabolism. They are especially damaging to the GI tract, kidneys, lungs, and skin.

Toxic Dose
Sodium arsenite: Dogs; 0.5-11 mg per pound. Cats; less than 2.25 mg per pound.

Sodium arsenate: Dogs; 3-6 mg per pound.

Signs
Vomiting, restlessness, drooling, nausea, severe abdominal pain often with bloody diarrhea with mucous in it, muscle weakness, trembling, staggering, severe dehydration, shock, paralysis, coma, and death.

Immediate Action
Induce vomiting. Seek veterinary attention.

Veterinary Care
General treatment: The induction of vomiting may be continued, gastric lavage is performed, and activated charcoal is administered.

Supportive treatment: Hydration is maintained with IV fluids. Medications may be given to soothe and protect the GI tract.

Specific treatment: Chelation agents such as Dimercaprol (BAL) or Succimer (DMSA) are given to remove the arsenic from the body. Acetylcysteine may be given to reduce the toxicity to certain internal organs.

Prognosis
Grave, unless treatment is started before clinical signs are advanced.

Toxin
Borate, Boric Acid, and Boron.

Source
Ant and roach baits, flea products, herbicides, fertilizers, denture cleaners, contact lens solutions, antiseptics, disinfectants, cleaning compounds, and mouthwash.

General Information
The mode of action of borate poisoning is unknown. It acts as an irritant which damages cells. The borates are concentrated in and cause the most damage in the kidneys.

Toxic Dose
Not determined for dog and cat.

Signs
Drooling, vomiting, abdominal pain, diarrhea, depression, ataxia, hyperesthesia, muscle weakness, tremors, seizures, blood in the urine, decreased urine production, coma, and death.

Immediate Action
Induce vomiting if ingested. Seek veterinary attention. If dermal exposure occurred, thoroughly wash the pet with warm soapy water. Dry thoroughly. Do not allow the pet to become chilled. Wear protective clothing/gloves to prevent human exposure.

Veterinary Care
General treatment: The induction of vomiting may be continued and gastric lavage is performed. Activated charcoal is not usually recommended due to the abnormally large volume needed to be effective. Bathing is repeated when there has been dermal exposure.

Supportive treatment: IV fluids are administered to maintain hydration and decrease the risk of kidney damage. The kidneys are monitored for several days to determine damage.

Specific treatment: Unavailable.

Prognosis
Variable

Toxin
Sodium hypochlorite, hypochlorite salts, sodium peroxide, sodium perborate, or enzymatic detergents.

Source
Bleach, Clorox, and swimming pool supplies.

General Information
Household bleaches are generally mild to moderate irritants affecting the mucous membranes and esophagus. Animals rarely ingest enough bleach to cause toxicity and what they do ingest typically causes vomiting which limits the amount absorbed. The hypochlorite bleaches are alkaline resulting in alkali burns to tissues that contact it. Sodium perborate degrades to borate (see borate poisoning) and hydrogen peroxide which may irritate the stomach and cause vomiting.

Toxic Dose
Varies depending on source.

Signs
With ingestion, signs include drooling, vomiting, abdominal pain, and sore throat. The hair coat especially around the mouth and paws, may be bleached or smell like chlorine. If fumes were inhaled, signs such as coughing, difficulty breathing, or retching due to pulmonary irritation may be seen.

Immediate Action
DO NOT induce vomiting. Give milk or water if ingested. If dermal (skin) exposure occurred, wash and rinse the hair coat thoroughly. Seek veterinary attention.

Veterinary Care
General treatment: Large quantities of water or milk are administered.

Supportive treatment: The animal is monitored and treated for difficulty breathing, vomiting, and abdominal pain.

Specific treatment: Unavailable.

Prognosis
Fair to good.

Toxin
Potassium hydroxide, sodium hydroxide, cadmium, lithium, mercuric oxide, and zinc.

Source
Button-cell Battery

General Information
Ingestion of button-cell batteries can lead to esophageal erosions due to the release of potassium hydroxide or sodium hydroxide. Batteries in the stomach can cause gastric erosions and ulceration. These erosions may develop within 12 hours with the area in contact with the battery suffering the greatest damage.

Toxic Dose
Undetermined

Signs
Lack of appetite, vomiting, abdominal pain, and drooling.

Immediate Action
Seek veterinary attention.

Veterinary Care
General treatment: The button-cell battery may be removed with an endoscope. This allows for an exam of the esophagus and stomach at the same time. Abdominal surgery may need to be performed if endoscopy is unsuccessful at retrieving the battery.

Supportive treatment: Secondary conditions such as erosions or ulcers are treated with medications and dietary changes. The pet is monitored for symptoms of mercury or heavy metal poisoning and treated if necessary.

Specific treatment: Unavailable

Prognosis
Good, if the button-cell battery is removed immediately.

Toxin
Citrus Oil Extract (Limonene and Linalool).

Source
Citrus oil extracts such as those found in insecticidal sprays, dips, shampoos, insect repellents, food additives, and fragrances.

General Information
d-Limonene and linalool are citrus oils with insecticidal properties. These are metabolized in the liver resulting in liver damage or failure.

Toxic Dose
Cats are more sensitive than dogs. The toxic dose for ingestion of d-limonene in dogs is 308 grams per pound of body weight. If cats are treated with dog products, the result may be fatal. Linalool exposure causes more severe clinical signs for a longer duration than d-limonene. If the product also contains piperonyl butoxide, the toxic effects of citrus oil extracts may be increased.

Signs
Strong citrus smell to the skin, drooling, depression, weakness, hypothermia, trembling, ataxia, falling, low blood pressure, and dermatitis especially severe in the scrotal and perineal areas. Death may occur.

Immediate Action
In cases of dermal exposure, bathe pet with liquid dish soap and warm water repeatedly until the citrus smell is gone. Dry thoroughly and do not allow the pet to become chilled. Seek veterinary attention for dermal exposure or ingestion.

Veterinary Care
General treatment: Gastric lavage is performed and activated charcoal is administered, if the citrus oil was ingested. Vomiting is not induced because aspiration is a risk. Bathing is repeated in cases of dermal exposure.

Supportive treatment: Administer IV fluids, keeping the patient warm, and treat any other symptoms.

Specific treatment: Unavailable.

Prognosis
Usually good to excellent, however, deaths have occurred and are more common in cats.

Toxin
Detergents

Source
Detergents are divided into several categories.

Soaps: Bar soaps, laundry soaps, and homemade soaps.

Anionic detergents: Laundry detergents, shampoos, dish soaps, and electric dishwashing detergents.

Cationic detergents: Fabric softeners, sanitizers, disinfectants, and rust inhibitors in petroleum products. This category includes quaternary ammoniums.

Non-ionic detergents: Dishwashing detergents, shampoos, and some laundry detergents.

General Information
Detergents come in a variety of forms with each having a different level of toxicity. Every home has these common products in some form, and all family members need to be aware of the dangers.

Toxic Dose
Soaps: True soaps are usually not toxic.

Anionic: Slightly to moderately toxic; may result in illness but generally not fatalities.

Cationic: Highly to extremely toxic; 1% solutions are damaging to mucous membranes.

Non-ionic: Less toxic than the anionic and cationic detergents.

Signs
Soaps: Vomiting and diarrhea. Homemade soap may cause corrosive GI lesions (burns).

Anionic: Irritated mucous membranes, vomiting, lack of appetite, diarrhea, and GI distention. May have corrosive injuries in the mouth and GI tract. Eye exposure may result in edema around the cornea, reddening and swelling of the conjunctiva, and corneal erosions or ulcers.

Cationic: Vomiting, lack of appetite, drooling, muscle weakness, depression, seizures, collapse, coma, and burns to the mouth and GI tract. Eye exposure may cause redness and severe corneal erosions and ulcers. Skin exposure may result in hair loss and skin irritation.

Non-ionic: Vomiting and diarrhea.

Immediate Action
DO NOT induce vomiting if ingested. It may cause more harm. Seek veterinary attention. In the case of dermal contact, flush the skin for at least 30 minutes with running water. In the case of eye contact, flush the eye with sterile saline or water for 20 minutes. Seek veterinary attention while you are performing the decontamination.

Veterinary Care
General treatment: Administration of milk or water in the case of soap, anionic, or non-ionic detergent ingestion, or administration of milk, water, or egg whites in the case of cationic detergent ingestion. If dermal (skin) or ocular exposure occurred, the affected areas will continue to be flushed with sterile saline.

Supportive treatment: Pain medication may be administered, hydration is maintained through IV fluids, and other treatments for symptoms may be given.

Specific treatment: Unavailable.

Prognosis
Fair to good, depending on detergent ingested.

Toxin
Ethylene Glycol

Source
Antifreeze, solvents, rust removers, film processing solutions, and taxidermist's preservation solutions.

General Information
Ethylene glycol is an extremely dangerous toxin. It is metabolized by the liver. The metabolites that are produced cause the damage to organs and subsequent symptoms. The metabolites (in the form of oxalates) are most toxic to the kidneys. Many brands of antifreeze contain phosphorus rust inhibitors also, which may increase the phosphorus levels in the bloodstream. Antifreeze has a sweet taste that animals and children like. Be very careful to make sure vehicles do not leak antifreeze and that all antifreeze is cleaned up when changing the fluid.

Tests for ethylene glycol poisoning are not perfect. Urine may be examined for the presence of calcium oxalate crystals which may be seen as early as Stage 1 (see below). However, these crystals may be seen in normal healthy animals also. In an ethylene glycol poisoning, once crystals are found in the urine, kidney damage has already begun.

A test kit for dogs is available which detects ethylene glycol, but not its metabolites. It is useful within 1-4 hours of ingestion. Before or after that time period, a false negative test result may be obtained since either the ethylene glycol has not yet entered the bloodstream, or it has already been broken down into its metabolites. To perform the test, various chemicals are added to a blood sample and if ethylene glycol is present, a color change occurs. This test is not sensitive enough for use in cats.

Antifreeze products containing propylene glycol such as Sierra^TM are safer and are unpleasantly flavored to prevent ingestion. These safer products will not metabolize into oxalate, but could cause problems related to the propylene glycol such as Heinz body anemia.

Toxic Dose
Dogs: 2-3 ml per pound of body weight (1 tablespoon for a 20 pound dog).

Cats: 0.64 ml per pound of body weight (1 teaspoon of ethylene glycol diluted 50:50 with water in radiator fluid is toxic to the average-sized cat).

Signs
There are three stages of poisoning.

Stage 1: 0-12 hours after ingestion. Nervous system signs including mild depression, ataxia, knuckling, seizures, hyperexcitability, stupor, and rarely coma, and death. These signs are similar to acute alcohol intoxication and resemble drunkenness. Other symptoms may include lack of appetite, vomiting, drop in body temperature, and an increase in drinking and urination.

Stage 2: 12-24 hours after ingestion. Cardiopulmonary system signs are seen including increased heart rate and respiratory rate.

Stage 3: 12-72 hours after ingestion. Kidneys are affected. Symptoms include severe depression, vomiting, diarrhea, dehydration, kidney failure, and death.

Immediate Action
Induce vomiting and seek veterinary attention immediately.

Veterinary Care
General treatment: The induction of vomiting may be continued, gastric lavage is performed, and activated charcoal is administered.

Supportive treatment: Hydration and the correct acid base balance are maintained with IV fluids. Oxygen is given as needed. Peritoneal dialysis helps remove the ethylene glycol from the body, if used early.

Specific treatment: Ethanol, or 1,3-butanediol and 4-methylpyrazole are given to stop the metabolism of ethylene glycol into its damaging metabolites. Starting treatment early before permanent kidney damage occurs is essential. The treatment process requires several days, and supportive care may need to be given for weeks. Some veterinarians may refer the pet to a specialized veterinary center for treatment.

Prognosis
Grave, if exhibiting any clinical signs; guarded, if treatment begins within an hour of ingestion.

Toxin
Iron

Source
Nutritional supplements such as vitamin-mineral preparations with iron, injections of iron, and plant fertilizer.

General Information
Ingestion of excess iron causes two main problems. Iron has a direct corrosive effect on the lining of the stomach and small intestines. This may range from slight bleeding to perforation. Iron also is absorbed into the cells where it disrupts cell function and causes cell damage.

An anaphylactic type of reaction may be seen with injectable iron.

Toxic Dose
Varies depending on source and route of exposure.

Signs
Vomiting and diarrhea which may be bloody, and drowsiness. Symptoms may not occur for up to 6-12 hours after ingestion. This may be followed by a period of apparent recovery before relapse occurs. Other symptoms include CNS depression and liver and kidney failure. Iron passed in the urine will cause the urine to be dark.

Immediate Action
Induce vomiting and administer Milk of Magnesia (to precipitate the iron in the GI tract to decrease absorption). Egg, water, or milk may also be given. Seek veterinary attention.

Veterinary Care
General treatment: The induction of vomiting may be continued, gastric lavage is performed, and Milk of Magnesia is administered.

Supportive treatment: IV fluids, oxygen, and blood transfusions may be administered. Iron levels will be monitored for several days.

Specific treatment: Deferoxamine (Desferal) may be administered which chelates the iron. This chelation will cause a reddish brown discoloration of the urine. Vitamin C may be used with deferoxamine to enhance iron chelation, but should not be used without deferoxamine as it will increase the absorption of the iron by the body.

Prognosis
Variable

Toxin
Isopropanol (isopropyl alcohol)

Source
Isopropyl alcohol is found in skin lotions, after-shave lotions, perfumes, colognes, cleaning solvents, window cleaners, and sanitizers.

General Information
Isopropanol is a potent nervous system depressant. It is more toxic than ethanol. Toxicity can result from breathing of the vapors or from ingestion.

Toxic Dose
Symptoms can be seen after ingestion of less than 1.3 ml per pound of body weight.

Signs
Vomiting with or without blood, retching, abdominal pain, central nervous system (CNS) depression, decreased respiratory rate, and coma. The pet will appear drunk and the breath often has an alcohol odor.

Immediate Action
Vomiting may be contraindicated due to rapid onset of CNS depression. Seek veterinary attention.

Veterinary Care
General treatment: Gastric lavage is performed and activated charcoal is administered.

Supportive treatment: IV fluids and oxygen are administered while blood gases and urine output are monitored. Other abnormalities are treated. Hemodialysis or peritoneal dialysis may be beneficial, but typically are not needed, as most patients can be treated successfully with supportive care.

Specific treatment: Unavailable.

Prognosis
Guarded

Toxin
Kerosene and Gasoline.

Source
Kerosene and gasoline.

General Information
Kerosene and gasoline are absorbed through the skin and through the GI tract.

Toxic Dose
Varies depending upon the route of exposure.

Signs
Drooling, vomiting, diarrhea, ataxia, difficulty breathing, tremors, seizures, coma, and death.

Immediate Action
DO NOT induce vomiting if ingested, as it increases the risk of aspiration. Seek veterinary attention. If dermal (skin) exposure has occurred, bathe with mild detergent and rinse thoroughly. Seek veterinary attention while decontaminating the pet.

Veterinary Care
General treatment: Additional bathing is performed if dermal exposure has occurred.

Supportive treatment: IV fluids are administered. The pet is monitored and treated for heart or organ disorders and aspiration or chemical pneumonia.

Specific treatment: Unavailable.

Prognosis
Guarded

Toxin
Lead

Source
Lead-containing paint, linoleum, tile, batteries, plumbing materials, putty, lead foil, solder, golf balls, some roof coverings, lubricants, wine bottle cork foils, rug pads, acid (soft) drinking water from lead pipes or improperly glazed ceramic water bowls, lead weights, fishing sinkers, drapery weights, newsprint, dyes, insulation, lead-containing burnt lubricant oil, and lead shot.

General Information
The most common route of exposure to lead is either a large amount ingested in a short time or a smaller amount ingested over a longer period of time. Younger animals are at a higher risk due to their mouthing objects as they play and explore and because their bodies absorb a greater amount of ingested lead. This is especially true if the young pet is calcium deficient. Inorganic lead is not absorbed through intact skin but tetraethyl lead in automotive gasoline is. Lead is also highly absorbable when heated and fumes are released such as from the exhaust of leaded gasoline.

Lead affects many body systems especially the GI tract and nervous system. Anytime a pet shows symptoms involving both the GI tract and nervous system, lead poisoning should be on the list of possible causes. Lead may cause an increase in red blood cell fragility and/or bone marrow suppression causing anemia. Lead crosses the placenta and some may pass into the mother's milk.

If a pet is diagnosed with lead poisoning, all members of the family, human and animal, should have their lead concentration levels evaluated.

Toxic Dose
Varies depending upon the source and time period of exposure.

Signs
Gastrointestinal: Vomiting, abdominal pain, lack of appetite, and occasionally diarrhea or constipation.

Neurological: Seizures, ataxia, blindness, and behavior changes including head pressing, chomping of the jaw, vocalizing, running aimlessly, and circling.

Immediate Action
Seek veterinary attention. Depending on how exposure occurred, the induction of vomiting may be indicated.

Veterinary Care
General treatment: Radiographs may be taken to determine if the source of lead is still in the GI tract. If it is, surgery or endoscopy may be indicated to remove it.

Supportive treatment: The animal is monitored and treated for cerebral edema, anemia, and seizures. Antibiotics and IV fluids are also administered.

Specific treatment: The blood lead concentration levels will be measured before starting chelation therapy. The chelation therapy will aid in removing the lead from the body. Chelation agents include succimer (DMSA), dimercaprol (BAL), calcium EDTA, and penicillamine. Thiamine (vitamin B1) may also be given. The treatment and monitoring of lead levels will continue until they are normal.

Prognosis
Good, if chelation is started early. Guarded to poor, if symptoms such as seizures or cerebral edema are present.

What is mercury?

Mercury is also known as quicksilver because it is a silver-colored liquid. It is a naturally occurring element that can cause serious environmental and health problems.

What are the common sources of mercury?

Mercury has been used in various industries and as a medical treatment for centuries. Because of its toxicity, its use has become more regulated. The main source of exposure to mercury today comes in the form of airborne particles released when coal, oil, or natural gas are burned as fuel or mercury-containing garbage is incinerated. The airborne mercury can then fall to the ground with rain and snow, and contaminate soil or bodies of water. Lakes and rivers are also contaminated by direct discharges of mercury-laden industrial waste or municipal sewage being emptied into them. In turn, mercury accumulates in fish and can cause health hazards when consumed.

There are several common sources of mercury in a household including thermometers, fluorescent lights, button-cell batteries, barometers, thermostats, electrical switches, some blood pressure measuring devices, and in the switches of the lights commonly found in children's athletic sneakers (those that "light-up" with each step).

What are the health problems associated with mercury?

Mercury is toxic to humans and animals, and can cause harm to the nervous system, cardiovascular system, digestive tract, kidneys, and cause birth defects and affect the development of young children. Mercury vapors, e.g., resulting from a broken mercury thermometer, enter the body through the lungs from where the mercury may then be distributed throughout the body. The amount of mercury vapor released from a broken thermometer does not present an immediate health hazard, but extended exposure will cause health problems.

How can I decrease exposure to mercury?

To protect you and your pets from mercury hazards:

• Choose alternatives to mercury-containing products, for example, switch to electronic thermometers and thermostats.
• Recycle used fluorescent bulbs, which use mercury in the powder inside the glass.
• Separate mercury-containing waste and broken or used equipment containing mercury from your trash. Find out if there is a household hazardous waste collection program that will accept these.
• If you do need to use elemental (liquid) mercury, make sure it is safely stored in a leakproof container. Keep it in a secure space (e.g., a locked closet) so that others cannot easily get to it.
• Follow your health department's recommendations on the amount of fish you and your family can safely consume.
• Know what to do in case you are exposed to liquid mercury.

What should I do if there is a mercury spill?

Liquid mercury evaporates at room temperature and these vapors are invisible, odorless, and, at high levels, are very toxic. Upon spilling, liquid mercury will bead up and spread readily. The amount of vapor elemental mercury produces is related to the amount spilled, surface area (amount of beads produced), temperature (vapor increases with warmer air), airflow, and physical disturbance of the spilled material.

You should respond immediately to all mercury spills, such as a broken thermometer. Even small spills can, in some cases, cause high levels of mercury vapors that are unsafe to breathe. Mercury vapors are readily absorbed through the lungs into the bloodstream and are therefore, particularly hazardous. Mercury vapors are also heavier than air and may linger in higher concentrations close to the floor. Children or pets who crawl or play in these areas are at highest risk of breathing in these vapors.

If you break a mercury thermometer or have another type of small mercury spill, follow these nine steps:

1. • eyedropper – to pick up the mercury
   • plastic container with lid – to hold the mercury
   • tape (wide, duct, or masking) – to help pick up mercury beads
   • plastic bags with zipper seal – to store mercury-contaminated debris and equipment
   • rubber gloves – to protect hands from mercury contact
   • syringe without needle – to pick up mercury
   • trash bags – for containing mercury waste
   • playing cards or index cards – for collecting mercury beads
   • flashlight – to help see the mercury
   • latex or rubber gloves – to protect your hands
2. ISOLATE THE SPILL AREA: Keep children and pets away. Avoid traffic going through the spill area. Those who may have come into contact with mercury should be directed to remove contaminated shoes or clothing, which should then be double-bagged (one bag inside of the other) and sealed. Otherwise, mercury could be tracked around the home. If the mercury was vacuumed, exposed to heat, or entered the ventilation system, higher mercury vapor levels may exist and could require additional protective equipment and professional expertise.
3. ASSEMBLE CLEAN-UP SUPPLIES: Many clean-up supplies are available from hardware stores. The following are some common household articles that could be used to construct an in-home mercury clean-up kit:
4. PICK UP ALL VISIBLE MERCURY DROPLETS: Inspect the spill area with a bright light or flashlight to help illuminate any hidden droplets. Clean up any beads of mercury by using an index card and rigid piece of paper. With the card, gently push the mercury droplets away from any carpet, fabric, or porous surfaces and toward other droplets to combine them into larger droplets. Slide droplets onto a sheet of rigid paper like another index card or greeting card. You could also use an eyedropper or syringe to pick up the beads of mercury. Adhesive tape strips may also be used to clean up any tiny remaining mercury droplets. Never use a broom or a vacuum on a mercury spill because it will only scatter the mercury droplets, making them harder to find and pick up. Be careful of broken glass fragments.
5. GENTLY PLACE MERCURY INTO AN UNBREAKABLE PLASTIC CONTAINER: Place the mercury into an unbreakable plastic container or zipper-locked storage bag. Avoid using glass since it can easily break. If using a container, tighten the lid securely so that liquid and vapors will be contained. Place the container or bag into another zipper-locked bag. Be sure all bags are zipped tight. If there are glass fragments mixed with the mercury, place the double-bagged mercury into another puncture proof container.
6. CHECK CAREFULLY FOR MISSED MERCURY: Use a very bright flashlight to better illuminate mercury beads in the spill area. If additional assurance is desired, sprinkle powdered sulfur (available from garden supply stores) over the spill area (do not apply to carpet or soft items). The sulfur powder will turn brown when in contact with mercury and help identify any mercury that may have been missed. Collect the powder as was done with the mercury beads. The sulfur will bind with the mercury, reducing the amount of vapor.
7. SET ASIDE EVERYTHING YOU THINK MIGHT BE CONTAMINATED WITH MERCURY: Place all contaminated clean-up materials such as the index cards, eyedropper, gloves, and tape securely into a double bag and label as "Mercury-Contaminated."

Clothing and personal belongings that were contaminated or suspected of being contaminated can be placed in a plastic bag, which should then be sealed. Contact your local health department to determine if the contents can be tested for the amount of contamination. If the mercury level is low enough, the clothes and belongings can be safely returned for use. Note that the cost to monitor and clean clothes and belongings could exceed the value of those items. Clean-up cost should be weighed against the item's value to prevent unnecessary expense.

Note: Everything used during the clean-up procedure should be considered contaminated with mercury unless you are positive it has not come into contact with mercury. Seek advice from your local county health department or department of natural resources on proper disposal.

8. VENTILATE: Try to ventilate the room to the outside and close it off from the rest of the home. Ventilate as much as possible to completely air out the room or spill zone with fresh outside air. Use fans for a minimum of one hour to speed the ventilation.
9. MEDICAL TESTING: If significant exposure of a person or pet is believed to have occurred, you should discuss with your family doctor/veterinarian whether urine mercury tests should be conducted.

Special precautions should be taken if mercury was spilled in a high traffic area or a confined area where children or infants play. Young children playing on the floor are particularly at risk to mercury's effects on the central nervous system. Call your local health department to see if additional testing or other measures may be needed.

CONSIDER REMOVAL AND DISPOSAL OF CONTAMINATED CARPETING AND OTHER SOFT ITEMS: It takes very little mercury in the air to create unhealthy levels of vapor. Further, vacuuming any surface with mercury will make more vapor. Factors that affect the severity of risk from mercury in carpet or soft-surfaced items include the amount of mercury spilled, how much was recovered, the type of room, and whether young children or pregnant women frequent the room. Local health departments and spill response contractors may be able to monitor for the presence of mercury vapor on contaminated items. However, private testing may be costly. The value of the item should be weighed against such cost and the peace of mind offered by the testing and/or removal of the contaminated item. When removing contaminated items, double wrap them in plastic bags and contact your local health department or Oregon Department of Natural Resources for proper disposal.
(Do NOT expose to heat or incinerate.)

Toxin
Metaldehyde

Source
Snail, slug, or rat poison, or ingestion of a poisoned snail, slug, or rat. Metaldehyde may also be present in fuels used in small heaters.

General Information
Symptoms tend to start showing within 15 minutes to 3 hours of ingestion, as the metaldehyde is metabolized to acetaldehyde. The precise mechanism of toxicity is unknown. Check the ingredient list of the suspected toxin to determine if other toxins are also in the product; some may contain organocarbamate.

Toxic Dose
Dogs: 45 mg per pound of body weight.

Cats: Suspected to also be 45 mg per pound of body weight.

Signs
Anxiety, hyperesthesia, ataxia, muscle tremors, nystagmus especially in cats, dilated pupils, panting, drooling, seizures, hyperthermia, respiratory failure, and death. The pet may survive the early stages of the poisoning and then succumb to complications such as organ failure in the next 3-5 days.

Immediate Action
Give milk and induce vomiting. Seek veterinary attention.

Veterinary Care
General treatment: Milk will continue to be given, vomiting is induced, gastric lavage using milk will be performed, and activated charcoal administered. The milk helps decrease the absorption of the metaldehyde.

Supportive treatment: IV fluids are administered, the animal's temperature is monitored, and observation and treating for seizures is recommended.

Specific treatment: Unavailable.

Prognosis
Fair to guarded.

Toxin
Naphthalene and Paradichlorobenzene

Source
Naphthalene is found in toilet bowl deodorizers, moth balls, moth crystals, and moth cakes. Paradichlorobenzene is found in diaper pail, toilet bowl, and restroom deodorizers and in moth balls, moth crystals, and moth cakes.

General Information
The use of naphthalene is being replaced by paradichlorobenzene because naphthalene is about twice as toxic. Paradichlorobenzene is an organochlorine insecticide. Ingestion of it causes CNS excitement and seizures. It is metabolized to a compound that causes liver damage.

Toxic Dose
Unknown

Signs
Symptoms include vomiting, seizures, and an odor of mothballs from the animal's breath, mouth, and vomitus. Heinz body anemia causes pallor and increased heart rate. Methemoglobinemia causes the gums to become a brown or blue color. Liver inflammation may occur several days after exposure resulting in loss of appetite, vomiting, diarrhea, lethargy, and icterus.

Immediate Action
Do NOT induce vomiting. Seek veterinary attention.

Veterinary Care
General treatment: Gastric lavage will be performed only if the patient is presented within 30-60 minutes of ingestion. Activated charcoal will be administered.

Supportive treatment: The animal will be monitored and treated for seizures, methemoglobinemia, anemia, and liver disease.

Specific treatment: Unavailable.

Prognosis
Variable.

Toxin
Phenol and Phenolic Compounds.

Source
Coal tar shampoos, keratolytic shampoos, shampoos with 3% hexachlorophene, and drugs and foods containing benzoic acid.

General Information
Phenols destroy proteins in cells. They are extremely corrosive and produce lesions that penetrate through layers of skin. These compounds are very caustic to mucous membranes causing visible burns. Severe eye injury including deep ulcerations occur with ocular exposure. In lower doses, these compounds affect the respiratory center in the brain causing hyperventilation and associated problems. Phenols are absorbed rapidly from the GI tract. Liver and kidney damage occurs within 12-24 hours. Toxic levels of hexachlorophene cause damage to the nervous system. Birds, some reptiles, and cats are more sensitive to phenols than other species.

Toxic Dose
The oral toxic dose of phenol is about 0.22 gram per pound of body weight in the dog; less in the cat.

Concentrations of 1% cause dermal burns, and concentrations above 5% cause oral burns.

Signs
Panting, hyperactivity, restlessness, apprehension, drooling, vomiting, dark mucous membranes, green or black urine, ataxia, muscle tremors, shock, abnormal heart rhythm, and coma.

Immediate Action
Phenolic poisonings are extreme emergencies. DO NOT induce vomiting. Administer water, milk, or egg whites. If dermal (skin) contact has occurred, wash area thoroughly with a liquid dish detergent and rinse thoroughly. The person bathing or handling the animal should wear heavy rubber gloves to avoid skin contact. If ocular exposure has occurred, flush eyes for 20-30 minutes with water or saline. Seek veterinary attention.

Veterinary Care
General treatment: In cases of ingestion, water, milk, or egg whites are given. Gastric lavage and activated charcoal are treatments of choice if the esophagus is not damaged. In cases of skin or eye exposure the affected area should continue to be flushed.

Supportive treatment: IV fluids and oxygen are administered. N-Acetylcysteine may help prevent kidney and liver injury. The animal is monitored and treated for methemoglobinemia if necessary.

Specific treatment: Unavailable.

Prognosis
Guarded

Toxin
Pine Oils

Source
Sanitizers and disinfectants.

General Information
Pine oils are irritating to mucous membranes. They are also readily absorbed from the GI tract resulting in severe GI signs. The kidneys and central nervous system (CNS) are also affected. Cats, birds, and some reptiles appear to be more susceptible to toxicity than other species.

Toxic Dose
0.5-1.1 ml per pound of body weight; lower amounts may cause severe damage.

Signs
The odor of pine oils is often present. Also see irritation to oral mucous membranes, retching, vomiting, drooling, abdominal pain, increased body temperature, progressive CNS signs including weakness, ataxia, and coma. Pulmonary damage may result from aspiration or chemical pneumonia from absorption of pine oil from the GI tract and subsequent deposition in the lungs. Ocular exposure will cause eye pain, holding the eye closed, and tearing.

Immediate Action
Give water, milk, or egg whites. DO NOT induce vomiting as aspiration may result due to rapid onset of CNS signs. If ocular exposure has occurred, rinse eyes with sterile saline or water for 30 minutes. In cases of dermal (skin) exposure, bathe and rinse thoroughly. Seek veterinary attention.

Veterinary Care
General treatment: Milk, water, or egg whites are administered followed by activated charcoal. If ocular exposure has occurred, eyes will be flushed with sterile saline for 30 minutes. If dermal exposure occurred, the animal will be thoroughly bathed and rinsed well.

Supportive treatment: IV fluids are administered to maintain hydration and electrolyte balances. The animal is monitored and treated for hyperthermia and pneumonia if necessary.

Specific treatment: Unavailable.

Prognosis
Guarded

Toxin
Zinc

Source
Pennies made since 1982, zinc oxide skin preparations such as Desitin, and galvanized metal such as nails and staples. Other sources include calamine lotion, suppositories, shampoos, zinc undecylenate (Desenex), sunblock containing zinc oxide, fertilizers, and paint.

General Information
Zinc oxide is an irritant to the stomach. Systemic signs depend on the rate of absorption. Zinc is believed to interfere with certain enzymes and may cause direct damage to cell membranes. Chronic zinc toxicosis interferes with the absorption and utilization of copper and iron.

Toxic Dose
Varies depending on form of zinc and time period of exposure.

Signs
In cases of short-term exposure or when smaller amounts are ingested, signs include vomiting, diarrhea, lack of appetite, abdominal pain, and generalized depression. With long-term exposure or when large quantities are ingested, signs also include severe intravascular hemolytic anemia, blood in the urine, jaundice, weakness, multiple organ failure, and death.

Immediate Action
Seek veterinary attention.

Veterinary Care
General treatment: The zinc is removed from the GI tract through induction of vomiting and gastric lavage, endoscopy, or surgery depending on what the pet ingested.

Supportive treatment: Oxygen and blood transfusions are administered if the patient is anemic. IV fluids are given to prevent dehydration due to the vomiting and diarrhea. The pet is monitored for early signs of kidney failure and treated as necessary. Glucocorticoids may help to stabilize the cells.

Specific treatment: Calcium EDTA is administered to chelate the zinc.

Prognosis
Variable. Response to treatment is generally poor, if the patient is experiencing a severe hemolytic crisis.